Manuscript templates 1. General. Aim: The PAMJ Clinical Medicine was created to highlight the rich output of clinical practice accross blogger.com: We publish clinical case reports, case series, images, reviews, commentary, opinions and research articles from the broad spectrum of clinical medicine and clinical research. PAMJ is an online open access peer-reviewed journal focusing on clinical Section three: Additional features of the study. In this short section, various pieces of information regarding safety of the study must be added (a classification is fundamental in case of studies that expect the use of invasive procedures or drugs use). Usually, for nonobservational studies, an insurance coverage must be considered Oct 20, · Objective To derive and validate a risk prediction algorithm to estimate hospital admission and mortality outcomes from coronavirus disease (covid) in adults. Design Population based cohort study. Setting and participants QResearch database, comprising general practices in England with linkage to covid test results, Hospital Episode Statistics, and death registry data.
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Journal of Medical Case Reports volume 10Article number: 88 Cite this article. Metrics details. Peer Review reports. Sharing individual patient experiences with clinical colleagues is an essential component of learning from each other.
This sharing of information may be made global by reporting in a scientific journal. In medicine, patient management decisions are generally based on the evidence available for use of a particular investigation or technology [ 1 ]. The hierarchical rank of the evidence signifies the probability of bias.
The higher up the hierarchy, the better its reliability and thus its clinical acceptance Table 1. Though case reports remain lowest in the hierarchy of evidence, with meta-analysis representing the highest level, they nevertheless constitute important information with regard to rare events and may be considered as anecdotal evidence [ 2 ] Table 1. Case reports may stimulate the generation of new hypotheses, and thus may support the emergence of new research.
The definition of a case report or a how to write a case study for a medical journal series is not well defined in the literature and has been defined variously by different journals and authors. However, the basic definition of a case report is the detailed report of an individual including aspects like exposure, symptoms, signs, intervention, and outcome. It has been suggested that a report with more than four cases be called a case series and those with fewer than four a case report [ 3 ].
A case series is descriptive in design. We suggest that should more than one case be reported, it may be defined as a case series—a concept proposed by other authors [ 5 ].
A case report may describe an unusual etiology, an unusual or unknown disorder, a challenging differential diagnosis, an unusual setting for care, information that can not be reproduced due to ethical reasons, unusual or puzzling clinical features, improved or unique technical procedures, unusual interactions, how to write a case study for a medical journal, rare or novel adverse reactions to care, or new insight into the pathogenesis of disease [ 67 ].
In recent years, the publication of case reports has been given low priority by many high impact factor journals. However, the need for reporting such events remains. There are some journals dedicated purely to case reports, such as the Journal of Medical Case Reportsemphasizing their importance in modern literature.
In the past, isolated case reports have led to significant advancements in patient care. For example, case reports concerning pulmonary hypertension and anorexic agents led to further trials and the identification of the mechanism and risk factors associated with these agents [ 28 ].
The reporting of cases varies for different journals. The authors need to follow the instructions for the intended publication. How to write a case study for a medical journal to significant variability, it would be difficult to have uniform publication guidelines for case reports. A checklist called the CARE guidelines is useful for authors writing case reports [ 910 ]. However, it would be universally prudent to include a title, keywords, abstract, introduction, patient information, clinical findings, timeline, diagnostic assessment, how to write a case study for a medical journal, therapeutic interventions, follow-up and outcomes, discussion, patient perspective, and informed consent.
The peer review process is an essential part of ethical and scientific writing. Peer review ultimately helps improve articles by providing valuable feedback to the author and helps editors make a decision regarding publication.
The peer reviewer should provide unbiased, constructive feedback regarding the manuscript. They may also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the report.
When reviewing an article, it is prudent to read the entire manuscript first to understand the overall content and message. The reviewer than may read section-wise and provide comments to the authors and editorial team accordingly. The reviewer needs to consider the following important points when reviewing a case for possible publication [ 89 ] summarized in Table 2.
Novelty remains the foremost important aspect of a case. The case report should introduce novel aspects of patient evaluation, investigation, treatment, or any other aspect related to patient care. The relevant information becomes a hypothesis generator for further study.
The novelty may at times be balanced with some important information like severe adverse effects, even if they have been reported earlier. Reporting adverse events remains important so that information on cumulative adverse effects can be gathered globally, which helps in preparing a policy or guideline or a warning note for its use in patients. How to write a case study for a medical journal data related to adverse effects include not only the impact but also the number of patients affected.
This becomes more important for serious adverse effects. In the absence of an international registry for adverse effects, published case reports are important pieces of information. Owing to ethical concerns, formal evaluation may not be feasible in the format of prospective study. The case needs to have all essential details to allow a useful conclusion to emerge. For example, if a case is being reported for hemodynamic variability due to a drug, then the drug dose and timing along with timed vital signs need to be described.
Honesty remains the most important basic principle of all publications. This remains a primary responsibility of the authors. However, if there is any doubt, reviewers may seek clarification. This doubt may result from some discordance in the case description. Another example would be where the data and figure do not correlate in a hemodynamic response related to a drug or a technique, with the graphical picture or screenshot of hemodynamics acting as an alert sign, how to write a case study for a medical journal.
Such cause for concern may be communicated in confidence to the editor. Ethical issues need to be cautiously interpreted and communicated. The unethical use of a drug or device is not desirable and often unworthy of publication. This may relate to the route or dose of the drug administered. The off-label use of drugs where known side effects are greater than potential benefit needs to be discouraged and remains an example of unethical use. This use may be related to the drug dose, particularly when the drug dose exceeds the routine recommended dose, or to the route of administration.
Ultimately, the use of a drug or its route of administration needs to be justified in the manuscript. The reviewers need to serve as content experts regarding the drugs and other technologies used in the case. A literature search by the reviewer provides the data to comment on this aspect.
Competing interests or conflicts of interest are concerns that interfere or potentially interfere with presentation, review, or publication. They must be declared by the authors. Conflicts can relate to patient-related professional attributes like the use of a particular procedure, drug, or instrument being affected by some secondary gains financial, non-financial, professional, personal. Financial conflict may be related to ownership, paid consultancy, patents, grants, honoraria, how to write a case study for a medical journal, and gifts.
Non-financial conflicts may be related to memberships, relationships, appearance as an expert witness, or personal convictions. A conflict may influence the interpretation of the outcome in an inappropriate and unscientific manner. Although conflicts may not be totally abolished, they must be disclosed when they reasonably exist.
This disclosure should include information such as funding sources, present membership, and patents pending. Reviewers should cautiously interpret any potential bias regarding the outcome of the case based on the reported conflicts. This is essential for transparent reporting of research. At times, competing interests may be discovered by a reviewer and should be included in comments to the editorial team.
Such conflicts may again be ascertained when the reviewer reviews the literature during the peer review process. The reviewer should also disclose their own conflicts related to the manuscript review when sending their report to the editorial team.
This is an important aspect for the final decision of whether to publish a case report. The main thrust or carry-home message needs to be emphasized clearly.
It needs to be elaborated upon in concluding remarks. The reviewers should check that patient identifiers have been removed or masked from all aspects of the manuscript, whether in writing or within photograph. Identifiers can include things like the name of the patient, geographical location, date of birth, phone numbers, email of the patient, medical record numbers, or biometric identifiers. Utmost care needs to be taken to provide full anonymity for the patient.
Consent is required to participate in research, receive a certain treatment, and publish identifiable details. These consents are for different purposes and need to be explained separately to the patient. For the purpose of the case, the patient must understand and consent for any new technique or drug its dose, route, and timing being used. In the case of a drug being used for a non-standard indication or route, consent for use must also be described.
Patient consent is essential for the publication of a case if patient body parts are displayed in the article. Should the patient die, then consent must be obtained from next of kin or legal representative.
With case series, securing individual patient consent is advised and preferable. The authors may also need institutional review board IRB approval to publish a case series.
IRBs can waive the need for consent if a study is conducted retrospectively and data are collected from patient notes for the purpose of research, usually in an anonymized way. However, wherever possible, individual patient consent is preferable, even for a retrospective how to write a case study for a medical journal. Consent is mandatory for any prospective data collection for the purpose of publication as a case series.
There may be situations in which publishing patient details without their consent is justified, but this is a decision that should be made by the journal editor, who may decide to discuss the case with the Committee on Publication Ethics.
Reviewers need to emphasize the issue to the editor when submitting their comments. The CARE guidelines provide a framework that supports transparency and accuracy in the publication of case reports and the reporting of information from patient encounters.
The initial CARE tools are the CARE checklist and the Case Report Writing Templates. These tools support the writing of case reports and provide data that inform clinical practice guidelines and provide early signals of effectiveness, harms, and cost [ 10 ]. The presentation of the case and its interpretation should be comprehensive and related.
The various components of the manuscript should have sufficient information for understanding the key message of the case. The reviewer needs to comment on the relevant components of the manuscript. The reviewer should ascertain that the title of the case manuscript is relevant and includes keywords related to the case.
The title should be short, descriptive, and interesting. The abstract should be brief, how to write a case study for a medical journal any abbreviations, and include keywords.
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Manuscript templates 1. General. Aim: The PAMJ Clinical Medicine was created to highlight the rich output of clinical practice accross blogger.com: We publish clinical case reports, case series, images, reviews, commentary, opinions and research articles from the broad spectrum of clinical medicine and clinical research. PAMJ is an online open access peer-reviewed journal focusing on clinical Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital from The New England Journal of Medicine — Case — A Year-Old Woman with an Incorrect Operation on the Left Hand Medical case studies are like journal entries written by medical practitioners, students, faculty, and researchers. Instead of their morning commute or their daily ordeals in hospitals and laboratories, the pages contain stories of the unusual medical cases that they encounter
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