Phd thesis structure political science

Phd thesis structure political science

Peter Michael Blau (February 7, – March 12, ) was an American sociologist and blogger.com in Vienna, Austria, he immigrated to the United States in He completed his PhD doctoral thesis with Robert K. Merton at Columbia University in , laying an early theory for the dynamics of bureaucracy. The next year, he was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, where A well-structured work Phd Thesis Structure Political Science that includes such sections as an abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion and literature cited. A list of Phd Thesis Structure Political Science credible sources. Our writers use EBSCO to access peer-reviewed and up-to-date materials 2 weeks Phd Thesis Structure Political Science of free revisions. Enjoy unlimited free revisions for 2 weeks after you’ve received your paper. Have your paper edited by your writer as many times as you need, until it’s perfect

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Peter Michael Blau February 7, — March 12, was an American sociologist and theorist. Born in Vienna, Austriahe immigrated to the United States in He completed his PhD doctoral thesis with Robert Phd thesis structure political science. Merton at Columbia University inlaying an early theory for the dynamics of bureaucracy. The next year, phd thesis structure political science, he was offered a professorship at the University of Chicagowhere he taught from to He also taught as Pitt Professor at Cambridge University in Great Britain, as a senior fellow at King's College, and as a Distinguished Honorary professor at Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences which he helped to establish.

Phd thesis structure political science he returned to Columbia University, where he was awarded the lifetime position of Professor Emeritus. From to he taught as the Robert Broughton Distinguished Research Professor at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in the same department as his wife, Judith Blauwhile continuing to commute to New York to meet with graduate students and colleagues.

His sociological specialty was in organizational and social structures. He formulated theories relating to many aspects of social phenomena, including upward mobilityoccupational opportunityand heterogeneity, phd thesis structure political science.

From each of his theories, he deduced an hypothesis which he would test against large scale empirical research. He was one of the first sociological theorists to use high level statistics to develop sociology as a scientific discipline using macro-level empirical data to gird theory.

He also produced theories on how population structures can influence human behavior. One of Blau's most important contributions to social theory is his work regarding exchange theorywhich explains how small-scale social exchange directly relates to social structures at a societal level, phd thesis structure political science.

He also was the first to map out the wide variety of social forces, dubbed " Blau space " by Miller McPherson. This idea was one of the first to take individuals and distribute them along a multidimensional space.

Blau-space is still used as a guide by sociologists and has been expanded to include areas of sociology never specifically covered by Blau himself. In Blau served as the 65th president of the American Sociological Association. Peter Blau was born in in Viennaa few months before the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed.

He was raised in a Jewish family as fascist power within Europe grew and Hitler's influence within Austria became increasingly evident. At the age of seventeen, Blau was convicted of high treason for speaking out against government repression in articles he wrote for an underground newspaper of the Social Democratic Worker's Party and was subsequently incarcerated. Blau was given a ten-year sentence in the federal phd thesis structure political science in Vienna. When Nazi Germany annexed AustriaBlau attempted to escape to Czechoslovakia on March 13, Phd thesis structure political science Blau and his sister—who was sent to England—managed to escape.

The rest of his family, however, decided to stay in Austria. Blau's original attempt to flee proved unsuccessful as he was captured by Nazi border patrol and was imprisoned for two months. During the two months he was detained, he was tortured, starved, and was forced to eat only lard.

When Hitler occupied Czechoslovakiahe escaped again, returning illegally to Vienna to visit one more time with his parents. In the dark of night, Blau hid on a train to cross the border into France. There he turned himself into the Allied forces, who had not yet reversed their policy of putting anyone with a German passport—even the Jews—into labor camps, phd thesis structure political science.

He spent several weeks as a POW of France crushing grapes in Bordeaux. When the policy about Jews was reversed, phd thesis structure political science, he was able to continue his journey to Le HavreFrance where he received a refugee scholarship to Elmhurst College in Illinois through a group of missionaries studying at the theological seminary, phd thesis structure political science. Blau emigrated to America on the Degrasse ship and landed in New York on January 1, He later attended Elmhurst College, earning his degree in sociology inand becoming a United States citizen in Blau returned to Europe as a member of the United States Army, acting as an interrogator given his skills in the German language and was awarded the bronze star for his duties.

It was during this time that Blau also received word that his family had been killed at Auschwitz. After receiving his bachelor's degree from Elmhurst CollegeBlau continued his education at Columbia Universitywhere he received his PhD in One of Blau's most memorable and significant contributions to the field of sociology came in Working together with Otis Dudley Duncan and Andrea Tyree, he co-authored The American Occupational Structurewhich provided a meaningful sociological contribution to the study of social stratification, and won the highly touted Sorokin Award from the American Sociological Association in Blau is also known for his contributions to sociological theory.

Exchange and Power in Social Life was an important contribution to contemporary exchange theory, one of Blau's distinguished theoretical orientations. The aim of this phd thesis structure political science was " to analyze the processes that govern the associations among men as a prolegomenon of a theory of social structure".

Blau was also very active in the study of structural theory. Blau's book, Inequality and Heterogeneitypresents "a macro sociological theory of social structure" [6] where the foundation of his theory "is a quantitative phd thesis structure political science of social structure in terms of the distributions of people among social positions that affect their social relations". Blau received notable distinctions for his achievements, which include: election to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

He died on March 12,of acute respiratory distress syndrome. He was eighty-four years old. For Blau, sociological theories were produced through logical deduction. Blau began theoretical studies by making a broad statement or basic assumption regarding the social world, which was then proven by the logical predictions it produced.

Instead, it was a theory's "logical implications" that could be trusted, more so than an empirical test. Blau also focused his sociological theory on both the micro and macro level, and often connected the two throughout his research. Population structures and their relationship with social interaction was another primary interest within Blau's work.

Blau believed that population structure created guidelines for specific human behaviors, especially intergroup relations. Blau viewed social structure as being somewhat stable, but he did identify two phenomena that he believed contributed to structural change within a population: social mobility and conflict.

Blau thought social mobility, which he described as "any movement within a population by an individual," was beneficial to intergroup relations within a population structure, and theorized various scenarios involving social relations and mobility.

Blau determined that prevention of conflict within a population structure can be achieved through "multi-group affiliations and intersection in complex societies". Social exchange provides an explanation of the interactions and relationships Blau observed while researching. He believed that social exchange could reflect behavior oriented to socially phd thesis structure political science goals.

Peter started from the premise that social interaction has value to people, and he explored the forms and sources of this value in order to understand collective outcomes, such as the distribution of power in a society.

They need something from other people, the exchange. That then leads to an increase in social exchange in which people attempt to stay out of debt because it gives them an advantage, as well as potential power, phd thesis structure political science.

Although social exchange can be genuine, when the goal for the individual to stay out of debt or to get something in return, it is selfishness. Blau also studied the social exchange that occurs within relationships, phd thesis structure political science. He believed that most thriving friendships occur when both participants are the same status level, allowing for an equal potential for exchange and benefit throughout the relationship.

He also studied the social exchange of partners, and how these relationships come together in the first place. Blau explains how loving relationships come to existence through the exchange of certain favorable traits that would attract one person to another. Blau discusses how status, beauty, and wealth are some of the key characteristics that people search for in a partner, and that the most successful relationships occur when both partners have valuable attributes that they can benefit from.

Some of Blau's first major contributions to sociology were in the field of organizations. His first publication, Dynamics of Bureaucracyprompted a wave of post-Weberian organizational studies. Organizational research consisted in exploring to what extent the received image of the Weberian bureaucracy—an efficient, mechanical system of roles—held up under phd thesis structure political science scrutiny in the empirical study of social interaction within organizations.

Blau, in his research and study, highlighted the ways in which the real life of the organization was structured along informal channels of interaction and socio-emotional exchange. Blau conducted a different approach in the main subject group for organizational sociology, focusing far more on white-collar workers rather than those of the blue-collar status, phd thesis structure political science, concentrating on the relationships between workers.

Hence, much of Blau's work involving organizations centered on the interplay between formal structure, informal practices, and bureaucratic pressures and how these processes affect organizational change. Blau's second major contribution to organizational analysis revolved around the study of determinants of the "bureaucratic components" of organizations. He collected data on 53 Employment Security Agencies in the US and 1, local offices. The result of this research was Blau's general theory of differentiation in organizations.

This piece had an immediate impact in the field of organizations and more importantly American sociology. Blau derived several generalizations, the most important which are 1 increasing size results in an increase in the number of distinct positions differentiation in an organization at a decreasing rate, and 2 as size increases the administrative component personnel not directly engaged in production but in coordination decreases, phd thesis structure political science.

Probably one of the biggest contributions Blau gave to sociology was his work in macrostructural theory. For him, social structure consisted of the networks of social relations that organize patterns of interaction across different social positions. Phd thesis structure political science this time, many people had different definitions for social structure. Blau's definition, however, set him phd thesis structure political science from the rest. For Blau, social structure did not consist of natural persons, but instead social positions.

This meant that the "parts" of social structure were classes of people such as men, women, rich and poor. Blau believed that the root of social structure can be found whenever an undifferentiated group begins to separate itself along some socially relevant distinction.

In Blau's eyes, one could not speak of social structure without speaking of the differentiation of people. He believes that it is these social distinctions along with some social characteristics race, religion, phd thesis structure political science, gender, etc. which determines who interacts with whom. His theory gave a more structured idea of "homophily" which describes the observation that people are drawn to others like themselves. This is because of structure although individuals may seem to have other interests but those are structurally produced as well.

Something could not be considered a parameter if it did not actually phd thesis structure political science the social relations of individuals phd thesis structure political science the ground". In his Presidential Address, "Parameters of Social Structure", phd thesis structure political science, Blau discussed two categories of parameters: graduated and nominal.

For Blau, modern society was characterized by the fact that they were composed of 1 multiplicity of socially relevant positions and 2 that these positions were connected and sometimes in contradictory ways resulting in cross-cutting social circles. Two positions are contradictory if one interaction increase leads to interaction of another decreasing. One of his most famous quotations is: "One cannot marry an eskimo, if no eskimo is around", by which he meant that flourishing societies are pluralisticegalitarianand diverse, providing their members with cosmopolitan opportunities.

The stated "goal" of Peter Blau's work was: [14] "An understanding of social structure on the basis of an analysis of the social processes that govern the relations between individuals and groups. The basic question is how social life becomes organized into increasingly complex structures of associations among men. Peter Blau played an important role in shaping the field of modern sociology and is one of the most influential post-war American sociologists.

4 Parts of a PhD Program (Political Science)

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Peter Blau - Wikipedia

Jul 24,  · A statement of purpose is an essential part of your application for a graduate program. While your academic transcripts and letters of reference reveal your academic credentials, your statement of purpose gives you the chance to present yourself as a candidate in a more well-rounded and compelling way Peter Michael Blau (February 7, – March 12, ) was an American sociologist and blogger.com in Vienna, Austria, he immigrated to the United States in He completed his PhD doctoral thesis with Robert K. Merton at Columbia University in , laying an early theory for the dynamics of bureaucracy. The next year, he was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, where A well-structured work Phd Thesis Structure Political Science that includes such sections as an abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion and literature cited. A list of Phd Thesis Structure Political Science credible sources. Our writers use EBSCO to access peer-reviewed and up-to-date materials