Dissertation about distance learning 1990 present

Dissertation about distance learning 1990 present

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From then hence forth we have experienced rapid innovations in information technology resulting to development of Web, internet which have impacted on our daily way of life and the entire society.

Following this a number of studies have proved beyond any reasonable doubt that advancement in technology has seen to it that the way several issues and aspect in human life from economic, social, environmental and political are handled has tremendously changed over the years.

The rise of globalization mostly characterized by free movement of people, capital, goods and services has made the world a global village Roberts, One notable aspect where innovation is evident is in education sector Allen, E-learning came to light thanks to advancement in technology that sow to it that personal computers, CDs, Web, internet.

Several organization in government and out of government have employed in various degree of success e-learning to impart new skills and knowledge to their workforce and make other relevant stakeholders aware of what transpires within the organization. Dissertation about distance learning 1990 present to Bannan-Ritland it is worth noting that the incorporation of such technological innovation in education was necessitated by the desire to counter the effect of geographic distance that hinder knowledge acquisition, provide convenience, beat the problem of inadequacy of resources, cut down on traffic jam in educational institution, and augment traditional teaching methods among others Coventry, Distance learning also known as e-learning or on-line learning refers to a system of imparting knowledge through teaching in which technology are used in most cases the student being physically absent from classrooms as well as virtually interacting with the instructors, tutors and teachers Warschauer, Generally speaking distance learning provides access to learning in situations where the source of information and the recipient usually the student are estranged by time, distance or both.

Historically, the concept is assumed to date back in when an advertisement run in Boston Gazette that a shorthand teacher was looking for student to take the lesson on a weekly basis. Postal services were the tool used to carry out the initiative throughout the 19 th century. The University of London believes it was the first university to offer distance learning course Garrison, In United States, a concept of extended training was developed by university of Chicago first president which was later put into action by university of Columbia.

Inthe University of Queensland followed suit Meredith, It is worth noting that since then, uncountable institutions of higher learning have incorporated the concept into their system. Surprisingly, as at close to 3. Currently, numerous public, private, dissertation about distance learning 1990 present, profit and not for profit organizations have embraced e-learning throughout all levels of education. The sharp increase in rate of adoption of such innovation leaves us with no or little doubt that the perceptions and attitudes of the relevant stakeholders are positive towards it Papert, The notable approaches to e-learning include computer-based learning CBL where computers are used as basic and key components of fostering education and training.

In this context, it not only refers to use of computers in classrooms but also to they are used in a structured setting to enhance teaching.

Due to advanced technological innovations, computers have also changed from heavy and cumbersome ones to light, portable handheld ones Panagiotes, This can be used in classroom or at home with or without internet connection. Basically, this approach can be thought from the context of reading literature material online. Web Based Training WBT is different from WBT on the basis of how information is delivered, with WBT; internet is exclusively used in conveying the information while in WBT CD-ROM is what is employed to deliver information Chapelle, The concepts employed in CBT include use of multiple choices, drag and drop, simulation, radial button.

It provides user friendly environment that brings satisfaction as it supplements traditional training form. Interactive video conferencing also known as interactive televideo is a mode of IP transmission as well as reception that gives more than two location and individuals an opportunity to share audio as well as video information that is real time Dissertation about distance learning 1990 present, Initially, it was developed for business purposes but later incorporated in education systems as a measure to counter the drawbacks of distance learning characterized with lack of interaction between learners and tutors.

The rooms used for ITV or IVC need at all times students and facilitators as well as ITS technician for it to be operational Wileman, The role of the facilitator is to ensure that the presenter and learners are fully connected and can not only hear but see each other. As suggested by Pepper there are three broad categories of videoconferencing systems that can be used in classroom; smalls room videoconferencing which is crafted to support a small group of between individuals sitting around a conference table.

Secondly, desktop videoconferencing is a system that uses personal computers and software for IVC. The system is cheap but provides restricted resolution thus good to be used with small groups. Lastly classroom videoconferencing is characterized by use of high quality AV equipment, codec and allows all those taking part to be seen and heard Riel, It is worth remembering that through multiple-point control unit, IVC can be used to connect individual from more than two remote areas Nunan, dissertation about distance learning 1990 present, When using IVC in classroom, there is need to follow some instructional strategies.

These include setting class expectation as some dissertation about distance learning 1990 present might take the whole concept as entertainment rather than a learning initiative; this has been done by fostering a learning interaction between dissertation about distance learning 1990 present and learners.

More importantly is to reduce distractions, encourage dialogue or active participation of students and instructors, training instructors as well as student bias of paramount Harasim, It is worth to note that distance learning entails use of certain technologies in transmitting and sharing of information. Such technologies are broadly categorized into synchronous and asynchronous.

The later is whereby all participants are literally present at a given time Tufte, It looks less like a tradition learning methods although learners are in different remote locations.

With this kind of technology, a timetable is drafted and given to the relevant participants. Others include internet radio, telephone, and direct-broadcast satellite. With this type of technology, learners are not required to be available together at the same time. These two teaching modes can be used in combination and the synergy generated has seen to it that education especially distance learning is being embraced not only in developed countries but also in developing counties at an alarming rate.

This mode of teaching has the potential of reducing the spontaneity that impede interaction between learners and tutors and among learners Smith, The study just like any other does have both independent and dependent variables. Among the independent variables include age, gender, and importance of using distance learning, level of education, and mode of learning synchronous vs asynchronous difference counties, major skill of internet and training and experience.

On the other hand, dependent variables are found the relationship between faculty and student attitude towards applying or using online learning and interactive video conference in higher education in Arab universities. Thus two main dependent variables are faculty student and their attitudes. According to Caspi, et al student who preferred synchronous believed more in the positive attributes of interactions brought about by the learning approach.

This is because they are of the view that it supports convenience. A study by Tanner established that individual who were well acquitted with internet as well as computer use were better placed in adopting DL, hybrid learning with ease while those with minimal skills and knowledge on the same were not better placed to quickly adopt such innovation in their learning. According to Dziuban et al, dissertation about distance learning 1990 present.

Class-focused learning is where both students and the instructors need to be physically present so that training can be carried out Skehan, On the other hand virtual learning does not need the two to be physically present at the same time in a classroom.

Formal learning is linked to obtaining a credit, certificate or a degree. Schedule type of learning calls for following a strict laid down time table while self-paced has no tight schedule to be adhered to.

All the mentioned type makes it possible to develop a variety of learning combinations that can be employed in training learners. The possible combinations include formal class schedule, physical class learning and course schedule traditional learningformal, class schedule, dissertation about distance learning 1990 present, on line learning and course schedule distance learningformal, course scheduled, face to face interaction between the learner and the instructor and no physical class, informal unscheduled on line learning, formal course schedule on line learning and informal class scheduled, physical class learning and course scheduled Dziuban, et al.

It is worth also to note that this learning approach has been adopted and gained popularity thanks to the quest of increasing learning effectiveness, increase convenience, dissertation about distance learning 1990 present. Additionally, cost cutting, enhanced image for learning institution, saving the limited class room spaces and reducing traffic as well as parking problems in learning institutions did necessitate embracing of blended learning.

Most of the learning and other institutions see the approach as educational which links socialization and effectiveness opportunities that are obtained from classrooms with IT enhanced opportunities brought as a result of online learning Dziuban, et al. In order to ensure success and effectiveness of the program the approach should not only be temporal construct but also essential revamp of the instructional model.

The characteristics include a change from lecture to student focused way of teaching where the learners actively participate in the entire process of learning. Another important characteristic of blended learning approach is it makes it possible for student and instructors to interact more, increased student to student, student to outside sources and student to content interactions.

Finally, integrated formative and summative way of assessment for both the instructors and students are evident in this learning approach Ellis, According to Abrani the adoption of distance learning and IVC has been hailed for numerous advantages it brings with it. For instance it expands access as the whole concept help meet the up surging demand for knowledge acquisition despite the distance and difference in time.

Additionally, it helps address the problem of inadequacy of classroom space and other facilities. This has led to alleviating capacity constrain institutions of higher learning were facing Galbreath, As mentioned by Allen the approach makes it possible for learners to post information that will fuel general educational rendezvous. It has been shown that when students share personal work they benefit from learning from the works of their classmates. On the same students can live anywhere and study from dissertation about distance learning 1990 present as thy study the course they fancy.

The approach has dissertation about distance learning 1990 present to it that one does not need to travel and live in city where the school they are to attend is saving on the cost that could have been incurred. Distance learning offers learners with the ability of gaining extra knowledge. Such acquired knowledge and skills with regards to computer and internet can be transferred and applied in other facets of student life for instance participating in business meeting via video conferencing.

Similarly, IVC augmented and filled the gap created by distance learning, as learners dissertation about distance learning 1990 present trainers can interact and share information in real time fostering education. With this technology also came the issue of convenience and cost cutting. Moreover, the two initiatives are also hailed for reducing traffic jam and commotion in universities. More importantly, the approach does not call for commuting making saving of time and money realized.

It is also possible for learners to schedule learning to other aspects of either professional or personal life. Since it is also characterized with asynchronous design, student can conveniently attend classes as they wish. There is no need of attending class or lectures at particular time or place. Generally speaking various scholars have documented that there has been an increase in adoption of e-learning together with other technologies that augment dissertation about distance learning 1990 present. However, through the various studies, there are some serious challenges or factors that seem to hinder the whole innovation Awalt, These reasons have contributed to mixed reaction among the relevant stakeholders on whether to adopt technological innovation that comes with distance learning Lozano-Nieto, dissertation about distance learning 1990 present, From the review of the varied literature with regards to distance learning, Interactive video use in higher education, there is a close relationship with the topic am dealing with.

Most of the literatures succinctly elaborate what distance learning is, traditional learning, a mixture of distance learning and traditional learning which is termed as blended learning, dissertation about distance learning 1990 present.

The materials also have provided me with information on how advantageous they are. Similarly, the major draw backs of using on-line learning are tackled. Finally, the issue of variables such as age, experience, gender, level of education, computer and internet skills among other impacting on the attitudes and perceptions towards on line learning are brought forth. Abrani, P. The American Journal of Distance Education. Angeli, C. British Journal of Educational Technology.

Awalt, J. Moving from the classroom to on-line teaching: A study of change in faculty attitude.

Ian Jenkins: PhD by distance learning

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