Causes of plagiarism

Causes of plagiarism

on avoiding plagiarism and other inappropriate writing practices was created to help students, as well as professionals, identify and prevent such malpractices and to develop an awareness side in front of one’s covered eyes causes visual sensations of motion. However, as a subsequent correction points out (Dieter, et al., ), these Other, much rarer, causes include pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism (myxedema), primary hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, coarctation of the aorta, and mineralocorticoid excess syndromes other than primary aldosteronism. Excessive alcohol intake and use of oral contraceptives are Feb 05,  · The size and shape of certain structures can constrict the airway and lead to snoring. For example, people are more likely to snore if they have a deviated septum, which is when the wall between nostrils is bent or skewed to one blogger.comonally, growths in the nasal passages called polyps, having a small jaw, and having an enlarged tongue or tonsils can contribute to snoring

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Hypertension with no known cause primary; formerly, essential, hypertension is most common. Hypertension with an identified cause secondary hypertension is usually due to sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, primary aldosteronism, diabetes, or obesity. Usually, no symptoms develop unless hypertension is severe or long-standing. Diagnosis is by sphygmomanometry. Tests may be done to determine cause, assess damage, and identify other cardiovascular risk factors.

In the US, about 75 million people have hypertension. Blood pressure increases with age. Because hypertension becomes so common with age, causes of plagiarism, the age-related increase in BP may seem innocuous, but higher BP increases morbidity and mortality risk.

Hypertension that is present before pregnancy or that develops during pregnancy has special considerations see Hypertension in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia and Eclampsia. BP in adults is classified as normal, elevated BP, stage 1 mild or stage 2 hypertension see table Classification of Blood Pressure in Adults, causes of plagiarism.

Normal blood pressure in infants and adolescents is much lower 1. Blood Pressure. Flynn J. T, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al; Subcommittee on Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children : Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 3 :e, Hemodynamics and physiologic components eg, plasma volume, activity of the renin-angiotensin system vary, indicating causes of plagiarism primary hypertension is unlikely to have a single cause.

Even if one factor is initially responsible, multiple factors are probably involved in sustaining elevated blood pressure the mosaic theory. In afferent systemic arterioles, malfunction of ion pumps on sarcolemmal membranes of smooth muscle cells may lead to chronically increased vascular tone. Heredity is a predisposing factor, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Diabetes mellitus.

Obstructive sleep apnea. Primary aldosteronism. Renal parenchymal disease eg, chronic glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritispolycystic renal disease, connective tissue disorders, obstructive uropathy. Renovascular disease. Other, much rarer, causes include pheochromocytomaCushing syndromecongenital adrenal hyperplasiahyperthyroidismhypothyroidism myxedemaprimary hyperparathyroidismacromegalycoarctation of the aortaand mineralocorticoid excess syndromes other than primary aldosteronism.

Excessive alcohol intake and use of oral contraceptives are common causes of curable hypertension. Use of sympathomimetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDscorticosteroids, cocaine, or licorice commonly contributes to worsening of blood pressure control. Hypertension is defined as resistant when BP remains above goal despite use of 3 different antihypertensive drugs. Patients with resistant hypertension have higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality 1. Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, et al : Resistant hypertension: Detection, evaluation, and management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Hypertension ee90, doi Because blood pressure equals cardiac output CO × total peripheral vascular resistance TPRpathogenic mechanisms must involve, causes of plagiarism.

In most patients, CO is normal or slightly increased, and TPR is increased. This pattern is typical of primary hypertension and hypertension due to primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, causes of plagiarism, renovascular disease, and renal parenchymal disease.

In other patients, CO is increased possibly because of venoconstriction in large veinsand TPR is inappropriately normal for the level of CO. Later in the disorder, TPR increases and CO returns to normal, probably because of autoregulation. Some disorders that increase CO thyrotoxicosis, arteriovenous fistula, aortic regurgitationparticularly when stroke volume is increased, cause isolated systolic hypertension.

Some older patients have isolated systolic hypertension with normal or low CO, probably due to inelasticity of the aorta and its major branches. Patients with high, fixed diastolic pressures often have decreased CO. Plasma volume tends to decrease as BP increases; rarely, plasma volume remains normal or increases.

Plasma volume tends to be high in hypertension due to primary aldosteronism or renal parenchymal disease and may be quite low in hypertension due to pheochromocytoma. Renal blood flow gradually decreases as diastolic BP increases and arteriolar sclerosis begins. Glomerular filtration rate GFR remains normal until late in the disorder; as a result, the filtration fraction is increased. Coronary, cerebral, and muscle blood flow is maintained unless severe atherosclerosis coexists in these vascular beds.

The result is increased intracellular sodium, which makes the cell more sensitive to sympathetic stimulation. Calcium follows sodium, causes of plagiarism, so accumulation of intracellular calcium may be responsible for the increased sensitivity. Defects in sodium transport may occur in normotensive children of hypertensive parents. Sympathetic stimulation increases blood pressure, usually more in patients with elevated BP and hypertension than in normotensive patients. Whether this hyperresponsiveness resides in the causes of plagiarism nervous system or in the myocardium and vascular smooth muscle is unknown, causes of plagiarism.

A high resting pulse rate, which may result from increased sympathetic nervous activity, is a well-known predictor of hypertension. In some hypertensive patients, circulating plasma catecholamine levels during rest are higher than normal. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system helps regulate blood volume and therefore blood pressure.

Renin, an enzyme formed in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. This inactive causes of plagiarism is cleaved by angiotensin-converting enzyme ACEmainly in the lungs but also in the kidneys and brain, to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates autonomic centers in the brain to increase sympathetic discharge and stimulates release of aldosterone and vasopressin. Aldosterone and vasopressin cause sodium and water retention, elevating BP.

Angiotensin III, present in the circulation, stimulates aldosterone release as actively as angiotensin II but has much less pressor activity. Because chymase enzymes also convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II, drugs that inhibit ACE do not fully suppress angiotensin II production.

A macula densa receptor detects changes in the delivery rate or concentration of sodium chloride in the distal tubule. Sympathetic nervous system stimulates renin secretion mediated by beta-receptors via the renal nerve.

Angiotensin is generally acknowledged to be responsible for renovascular hypertensionat least in the early phase, but the role causes of plagiarism the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in primary hypertension is not established.

However, in black and older patients with hypertension, causes of plagiarism, renin levels tend to be low. Older patients also tend to have low causes of plagiarism II levels. Hypertension due to chronic renal parenchymal disease renoprival hypertension results from the causes of plagiarism of a renin-dependent mechanism and a volume-dependent mechanism. In most cases, increased renin activity is not evident in peripheral blood. Hypertension is typically moderate and sensitive to sodium and water balance.

Deficiency of a vasodilator eg, bradykinin, nitric oxide rather than excess of a vasoconstrictor eg, angiotensin, norepinephrine may cause hypertension. If the kidneys do not produce adequate amounts of vasodilators because of renal parenchymal disease or bilateral nephrectomyblood pressure can increase. Vasodilators and vasoconstrictors mainly endothelin are also produced in endothelial cells.

Therefore, endothelial dysfunction greatly affects blood pressure. No pathologic changes occur early in hypertension. Severe or prolonged hypertension damages target organs primarily the cardiovascular system, brain, and kidneysincreasing risk of.

Coronary artery disease CAD and myocardial infarction Causes of plagiarism. Heart failure. Stroke particularly hemorrhagic. Renal failure. The mechanism involves development of generalized arteriolosclerosis and acceleration of atherogenesis. Arteriolosclerosis is characterized by medial hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and hyalinization; it is particularly apparent in small arterioles, notably in the eyes and the kidneys.

In the kidneys, the causes of plagiarism narrow the arteriolar lumen, increasing TPR; thus, hypertension leads to more hypertension. Furthermore, once arteries are narrowed, any slight additional shortening of already hypertrophied smooth muscle reduces the lumen to causes of plagiarism greater extent than in normal-diameter arteries. These effects may explain why the longer hypertension has existed, the less likely specific treatment eg, renovascular surgery for secondary causes is to restore blood pressure to normal.

Because of increased afterload, the left ventricle gradually hypertrophies, causing diastolic dysfunction. The ventricle eventually dilates, causing dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure due to systolic dysfunction often worsened by arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease. Thoracic aortic dissection is causes of plagiarism a consequence of hypertension; almost all patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms have hypertension.

Hypertension is usually asymptomatic until complications develop in target organs. Dizziness, facial flushing, headache, fatigue, epistaxis, and nervousness are not caused by uncomplicated hypertension.

Severe hypertension hypertensive emergencies can cause severe cardiovascular, neurologic, renal, and retinal symptoms eg, symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, renal failure. Retinal changes may include arteriolar narrowing, hemorrhages, exudates, and, in patients with encephalopathy, papilledema hypertensive retinopathy. Changes are classified according to the Keith, Wagener, and Barker classification into 4 groups with increasingly worse prognosis:.

Hypertension is diagnosed and classified by sphygmomanometry. History, causes of plagiarism, physical examination, and other tests help identify etiology and determine whether target organs are damaged. The blood pressure causes of plagiarism for formal diagnosis should be an average of 2 or 3 measurements taken at 2 or 3 different times with the patient:, causes of plagiarism.

At the first visit, measure BP in both arms and subsequent measurements should use the arm that gave the higher reading. A properly sized BP cuff is applied to the upper arm.

Thus, obese patients require large cuffs. The health care practitioner inflates the cuff above the expected systolic pressure and gradually releases the air while listening over the brachial artery.

The pressure at which the first heartbeat is heard as the pressure falls is systolic BP. Total disappearance of the sound marks diastolic BP. The same principles are followed to measure BP in a forearm radial artery and thigh popliteal artery.

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